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Home My WebLink AboutUvas Creek Park Preserve Master Plan (1992)NNW 5 Master an or gas Cree Pa rPreserve 7. a; ; s cl t o i ro l a i ornia kl� IV }� 1' f e at ; 'nt"• ♦ r III '' r �� (I ' � }' '1w �•`,1. � , � c •"�'% ,�, .i - /., • . r�� ; .tom �} i t /NIP kk Aw CA 99 •a W r A'—h sit, •.1'07'!"' N -V AA! Y■I■ir tko'd-fial A.a CitY of Gilroy IAS ke- 1992 Master Plan Legend Points ty*lnterest * Interprelive.11rea vk 'Imd Alk,, * (sifturaf lKpource • Picnic Area Circufation -I�qstem ■ Stt�qittq Area Points Crossings Legend getid BF \1 IN i A Master Pfanfior Uvas CreekParkPreserve City of Gilroy, California , Prepared by Beals Landscape Architecture, Inc. in association with the Habitat Prstoration Group For the City of Gilroy s Parks & WScreation Department r. r. L I 7a6(z of Contents Acknowledgements 2 Tr*ct Constraints 31 Regulating Agencies 33 Troject Overview 5 Hydraulics/ Sedimentation 35 Introduction 7 Goals and Objectives 8 Design Concepts 37 Overview of Modifications since 1983 9 Activity Areas 39 The Study Area 10 Description of the Master Plan 40 Existing Conditions 11 Master Plan Map R,egionalSignificance 13 Pedestrian Bridge Section Circulation System 41 Uvas /Carnadero Watershed 15 Low Flow Crossing Section Regional Trails & Open Space 16 Trail of Biodiversi ty /Historical Trail 42 History of the Study Area Circulation Desgin Criteria 43 Native American Indians 17 Educational Zone 44 Period of Spanish Exploration 18 Design Criteria 45 Settlement of the Gilroy Area 19 Points of Interest 46 Future Development Along the Creek 47 Biotic .sources 21 Overview of Biotic Resources 23 Implementation 49 Riparian Forest Habitats 24 Existing Riparian Forest Wildlife 25 Implementation of the Master Plan 51 Grasslands 27 Phase I Items to be Constructed 52 Aquatic Vegetation 28 Resource Management Plan 53 Existing Fisheries Resources 29 Upland Landscaping /Non- Natives 30 U v a s C r e e k P a r k P r e s e r v e 1 1 9 9 z 2 Design Team Beals Landscape Architecture, Inc. Jay Beals, ASLA Principal in Charge Susan M. Landry, ASLA Associate /Project Manager Janet Reksoatmodjo Job Captain/ Map Coordination Michael McIntyre Map Graphics Caryn Laird Final Production Sharon Mathog Technical Writer Habitat Restoriation Group Kathy Lyons Biologist Bill Elsey Fisheries Expert City of Gilroy Gilroy Parks & Recreation Department Robert Connelly, Director Gayle Glines, Recreation Services Manager Bill Headley, Park Superintent Albert Wilson, Facilities Maintenance Supervisor Scot Lang, Landscape Maintenance Supervisor Public Works Department Norman S. Allen, Director Planning Department Michael Dorn, Director Police Department Greg Guisiana, Administrative Sergeant Fire Department Rod Pavao, Assistant Fire Chief Bob Ledesma, Assistant Fire Chief Building Department Lawrence James, Chief Building Official nts Task Force Members Todd Perkins Gilroy Parks and Recreation Commission Jeff S. Watterson Gilroy Parks & Recreation Commission Eleanor Villarreal Hispanic Chamber/ Cultural Festival Don DeLorenzo Gilroy Little League Chris Dowell Gilroy Visitors Bureau Bill Ayer Hecker Pass Family Adventure Edith Edde Member at Large Carolyn Becker Gilroy Unified School District Dick Nicholls Garlic Festival Association Terri Freedman Member at Large Keith Alderman Friends of the Uvas Creek Leo Moser Library & Culture Commission Tony Adame Softball Board of Managers U v a s C r e e k P a r k P r e s e r v e Technical Committee Members County of Santa Clara Parks & Recreation Department David J. Pierce, ASLA, Regional Park Planner Lauren Harvey, Park Planner Santa Clara Valley Water District Sue Tippets, Associate Engineer Design Consultant Division State of California, Department of Water Resources Earl Cummings, Urban Stream Program United States Army Corps of Engineers Rob Lawrence, South Area Manager California Department of Fish and Game Martha Schaus, WIldlife Biologist Patricia Andrson, Fishery Biologist DeBell Estate Michael DeBell City Council Members Donald F. Gage - Mayor Sara C. Nelson Pro tempore through August 1, 1992 K.A. Mike Gilroy Leonard A. Hale Paul V. Kloecker Suellen C. Rowlison Pete Valdez, Jr. City of Gilroy Parks & Recreation Commissioners Lucretia Zimmershead - Chairperson Tony Adame - Vice Chairman Gregory Castello Jeanne Gage Mary Lou Mazzone Todd Perkins Jeff S. Watterson County of Santa Clara Parks & Recreation Commissions Kitty Monahan Carmen Johnson Reymundo Espinosa Garnetta Annable Claude Look Pat Kammerer George Hinoki Historical Information - portions provided by Amah Tribal Band Alan Leventhal Tribal Ethno Historian U v a s C r e e k P a r k P r e s e r v e 3 1 9 9 2 4 9 9 2 71 v a s C r e e k P a r k P r e s e r v e `CI v a s C r e e k P a r k P r e s e r v e 5 9 9 2 I 1, *k, it This Uvas Creek Park Preserve is an integral part of the Gilroy community. Like their mothers and fathers before them, the people of Gilroy continue to enjoy the waters along the banks of Uvas Creek. To protect the creek, the community requested that a section of Uvas Creek, between Santa Teresa Boulevard and the field downstream of Thomas Road, be designated as a Park Preserve. The park will also serve the community's needs for outdoor recreation and educational space. This 1992 Uvas Creek Park Preserve Master Plan Up- date presents a solution that responds to the community's request. The concepts presented in this report are the culmination of a 20 year planning process committed to preserving, restoring, and enhancing the creek. U v a s C r e e k P a r k During the 1970's, the early framers of the Santa Clara County Trails and Open Space Plan provided the vision and the foresight to set aside land for the benefit of the community. They envisioned a network of green belt corridors, in which a person could walk, bicycle, or run without crossing a vehicular road. This vision was an integral part of the 1983 Uvas Park Preserve Master Plan, prepared by Royston, Hanamoto, Alley & Abey, landscape architects. The emphasis of the 1983 Master Plan was the preservation and enhancement of the wildlife habitat within the Uvas Creek. By 1987, site improvements had begun with the construction of a levee, an asphalt trail, and vegetation mitigation. Funding for construction came from a bequest from Dennis DeBell, a member of Gilroy's City Council during the 1980's. Mr. DeBell was one of the earliest advocates for preservation of the creek environment and his bequest represented the largest the city has ever received. By the 1990's, the philosophy had evolved regarding the restoration development of creeks and their associated riparian vegetation. Thus an updated plan was required. The City of Gilroy retained the firm of Beals Landscape Architecture, Inc. and the Habitat Restoration Group to integrate the original concepts from the 1970's with the design solutions of the 1980's, and to enhance or expand on the design solutions to carry this plan into the twenty- first century. A special thank you goes to everyone who contributed to this timeless process and to the final development of this project. P r e s e r v e 7 IQ Goafs and Ob jectives The 1992 Task Force reviewed the original goals and objectives developed in 1983. Minor changes were made to reflect the current understanding of the project site, and new objectives were added. The four major goals established by the Task Force are to: • Preserve and restore the natural creek environ- ment. ' • Create a natural preserve while providing secured 9 9 and manageable access to the site for desirable z public use. • Establish a social, educational, and recreational focus within Gilroy. • Involve citizens, allied agencies, and the City in the project planning. The objectives of the design are to: • Restore and maintain the natural water habitat that once existed in Uvas Creek. • Rehabilitate creek areas that have been disturbed or damaged. • Rehabilitate a prime fish wildlife habitat with par- ticular attention to maintaining the steelhead in Uvas Creek. • Create a variety of ecosystems or forestry regions to display the native vegetation of the area. • Provide opportunities for educational interaction within the creek area. • Encourage citizen involvement and participation. • Consider maintenance factors that minimize op- eration costs. • Explore potential revenue production to offset ex- penses. U v a s C r e e k P a r k P r e s e r v e • Consider construction costs when developing Project Phases. • Create a permanent site facility for major cultural, recreational, and educational programs. • Protect Indian cultural resources on the site during development and construction. 9 O71e1"lIYEZU Of MOlC�llttOYl.S ,Sauce 1983 A number of changes have occurred after the 1983 Master Plan was completed that affect the Uvas Creek Park Preserve design. The changes that have been incorporated into the Master Plan are as follows: 1985: The Santa Clara Valley Water District deter- mined that the percolation pond proposed in the 1983 plan was no longer required. Thus, the pro- posed pond was removed from the plan. 1987: The large parking area was removed. 1 1987: A levee was constructed running parallel to 9 9 Uvas Creek Park Preserve to help prevent the City 2 of Gilroy from being flooded. 1991: The 1983 report discusses three types of zones:. natural areas, informal activity areas, and orga- nized activity areas. The development of the 1991 Ranch Site Addition Master Plan placed all orga- nized sports active activities and special events on the Ranch Site. 1992: The 1983 report describes informal activity areas having boating, restrooms, and parking. These elements are no longer desirable within the pre- serve. 21 v a •s C r e e k P a r k P r e s e r v e 10 1 9 9 2 The Study Area The Study Area is approximately 260 acres and is composed of two major projects: • Uvas Creek Park Preserve • Christmas Hill Park JLEX. Residential Uvas Creek Park Preserve is approximately 160 acres, extending from Santa Teresa Boulevard to the open field south of Thomas Road. The project site is limited to lands owned by the City of Gilroy, County of Santa Clara, and Santa Clara Valley Water District. The Uvas Creek Park Preserve has regional significance due to its role as part of the local watershed and the open space and trail system. U v a s C r e e k P a r k v11110LI1100 1 1111 FC11 r% Hillside Addition Open Field F Christmas Hill Park is a community park of approxi- mately 98 acres that consists of three sub - components: • Existing Park (36 acres) has recreational signifi- cance to the community. • Hillside (32 acres) has historical and cultural sig- nificance. North , Ranch Site (30 acres) has regional significance as a community park. P r e s e r v e �. 1 Existing Conditions Uvas Creek, The creek portion of the Study Area is characterized by two distinct sections. The western section has a wide creek bottom which extends from Santa Teresa Boule- vard to Miller Avenue. The eastern section extends between Miller Avenue and Thomas Road and is nar- row, deeper, and more channelized. The velocity and volume of water in the creek varies substantially at different times of the year, and is subject to flash flooding during winter months. The creek in the western section runs between a gently sloping bank to the south and a steep levee to the north. The flood channel created by the banks varies in width, maintaining a distance of 600' at Santa Teresa Boule- vard to a point in line with Santa Barbara Drive, widening to 1200' at a point in alignment with Santa Paula Drive, and then narrowing back down below Thayer Court. Quarried for gravel until the early 1970's, the portion of the creek bed near Miller Avenue lacks any mature vegetation. Throughout this section, the creek floor alternates between dense shrubby vegetation in the first stage of secession and barren patches caused by the former quarry operations, off road vehicles, and dumping. The water of Uvas Creek meanders through the bottomland, widening into pools at sites of former quarry extraction pits. A small pond, located midway between Santa Teresa Boulevard and Miller Avenue contains water for the majority of the year. Plants and wildlife have taken hold and are beginning to thrive once again. The creek changes in appearance downstream of Miller Avenue. In this eastern section, the channel narrows to approximately 200' in width and varies from 10 to 15' in depth. This portion is heavily vegetated with a dense riparian forest. As the creek crosses under Tho- mas Road bridge, it becomes an engineered channel with steep sloping rock banks. Downstream of Tho- mas Road, the dense vegetation fills the channelized banks. Christmas gaff Park, The existing portion of Christmas Hill Park is a fully developed community park of 36 acres located along Uvas Creek at Miller Avenue. Serving as a major recreational focus for the City, the park contains ball - fields, playgrounds, picnic areas, an open air amphi- theater, and parking. In addition to the regular recre- ational activities, the park with the adjoining Ranch Site Addition is used for major community events such as the Garlic Festival, Fourth of July celebration, and Cinco de Mayo festivities. A visual framework within the park is created by large mature trees at activity areas and dense vegetation along the creek edge. In addition, Santa Teresa Ridge creates a definite bound- ary along the southern edge of the park. U v a s C r e e k P a r k Another parcel is located at the end of Tenth Street adjacent to Gilroy High School on the northern side of Uvas Creek. The approximately 8 acres are currently used as an overflow parking lot and informal trailhead. As a result, the only mature vegetation on this site occurs along the flood levee next to Uvas Creek. In the future, the site may be split by the extension of Tenth Street to Santa Teresa Boulevard. Ranch Site Addition The Ranch Site is located on the south side of Uvas Creek adjacent to the existing portion of Christmas Hill Park. The site currently consists of a flat field used for the Gilroy Garlic Festival, a large barn, and several auxiliary buildings. The barn complex is used to sup- port the agricultural activities of the fields to the west of this site. The edges of the property are lined with mature trees which along with Santa Teresa Ridge create a strong sense of enclosure on the Ranch Site. A Master Plan was prepared in 1991 which describes active recreational uses and a permanent Educational Center. JCdiside Addition Currently, plans do not exist for development of this parcel of land. This parcel is outside the scope of this document, however, its influence on the project is important for the overall development of the Uvas Creek Park System. Existing facilities include a remote camp site, hilly terrain, and a woodland forest. P r e s e r v e: 11 1 9 9 z 12 9 9 2 U v a s C r e e k P a r k P r e s e r v e 71 v a s C r e e k. P a r k P r e s e r v e: 13 B 5 0 V la Uvas /Carnadero Watershed Uvas Creek is part of the Uvas /Carnadero watershed system. The watershed is bordered on the northeast by the developed portion of the City of Gilroy and the southwest by the Santa Cruz Mountains. Uvas Creek flows southeasterly to join the Pajaro River about six miles south of Gilroy. Downstream of Highway 101, Uvas Creek is called Carnadero Creek. More than 90% of the annual precipitation in Gilroy occurs during the period of November through April. Normal annual precipitation ranges from 50 inches in the northwest corner of the watershed to 20 inches near Gilroy. The Uvas Reservoir, built in 1958 for water supply purposes, is located approximately eight miles upstream of Gilroy. This reservoir regulates the sum- mer flow in to Uvas Creek. Uvas Creek is an intermittent stream during the sum- mer, but has a continuous waterflow for 30 days after the last significant rain storm for the season. The flows are approximately 5 -10 cubic feet per second during the summer months. However, the creek is subject to flash flooding during the winter months. 15 8 s 0 U v a s C r e e k P a r k P r e s e r v e 16 1 r 7 F *gional Zraifs and Open Space System The Uvas Creek Park Preserve is part of the regional trail and open space system. The Santa Clara County Parkway and Greenway Plan designated Uvas Creek as a potential recreational trail corridor which will connect Mt. Madonna State Park to the Monterey Bay. The Uvas Creek Park Preserve has potential to be the major trail head for the southern part of Santa Clara County. Opportunities exist for regional trail connec- tions to such major trails as: • The Bay Area Ridge Trail, which is being planned to ring the entire Bay along the ridge line. • Shown on the map, The Benita Clara trail which connects Morgan Hill, Gilroy, Hollister, and San Juan Bautista. • National trails such as the Juan Bautista de Anza historic trail. Within Gilroy, the creek corridor connects such public spaces as Gavilan College, Gilroy High School, Christ- mas Hill Park, and the Uvas Reservoir. U v a s Oakland • C r e e k P a r k P r e s e r v e Trail Legend ••.. Bay Area Ridge Trail sill, Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail � r / \/ �`•r� fir— � i- ,� r 1 1, r- _ r Santa Clara County F- F- r r r r f ster . Y►r s i� 4 9fistory of the Study Area Native American Indians The Uvas Creek Park Preserve served as a major food source and water supply for the Unijaima and Amah- Mutsun tribes of the Ohlone Indians. As recently recounted by the Amuh Head Tribeswoman, the tribe annually traveled from Monterey Bay to the Pacific Ocean and back. By setting up camps one day apart, the journey each year was comfortable and predict- able. During the journey, camp was set up along the creek to provide fresh water, fish, and tulles and reeds used for basketweaving. The women set up camp and collected acorns from the woodland, while the men hunted in the surrounding hillsides. The camp kitchen, with its heavy grinding stones and freshwater requirement, was set up next to the creek. Fire pits and a round house were also constructed near the creek's edge. Cleansing in the creek was an important part of the ritual of the round house. The round house was also a place to gather for weddings or following the death of a fellow tribesman. Near the round house was an open area for large cooking operations and other social gatherings. If the area near the house formed a crescent with the tips facing west, it was believed to provide an opening to heaven. The Indians' appearance in the area ended in the early 1900's, acorn grinding stones are still being discovered throughout the Gilroy area. Plants that were used medicinally by the Ohlone Indians are still found in this area. Lavender flower datura and wild berries were used by the Indians for medicinal and culinary purposes. Stories are still told of the Medicine woman who would throw her magic bag into the creek. Fish would soon appear floating on the top of the water. Once the tribe collected the fish they needed, the magic bag would be removed and the fish would continue on their way. U v a s C r e e k P a r k P r e s e 17 V e 1 7 7 K Teriod of Spanish Exp[oration As early as 1500, plans were being made in other parts of the world that would affect the Indians way of life. Ships from Spain were sent in search of new lands and riches. The Spanish who had conquered the Aztecs in Mexico were told of lands to the north. Soon they discovered Alta (upper) California. By the 1700's, the King of Spain decided to build presidios (forts) in California to keep the other countries from claiming Spain's newly found riches. These new settlements were dependent on the supplies brought from Mexico, but the prevailing winds and currents made sailing expeditions to the north hazardous and time consum- ing. It soon became obvious that an overland route was needed to ensure the protection of the Spanish empire's treasures, to allow food to reach the new settlements, and to support the Franciscans as they pursued the salvation of souls. Between 1775 and 1776, Juan Bautista de Anza led a contingent of colonists from Mexico across deserts and mountains to found colonies for Spain in San Francisco. The expedition included 240 people and over 1000 head of stock. After a long and difficult journey, they reached Monterey where the colonists settled temporarily while a small expedition party left to explore the San Fran- cisco Bay and to pick a site for settlement. Their route to the Bay took them through the southern portion of Santa Clara Valley where they crossed the valley floor near Uvas Creek Park Preserve. The Juan Bautista de Anza National Historical Trail approxi- mates his route. U v a s d M C r e e k P a r k P r e s e r v e f 5 19 Settlement of the Gilroy Area By the turn of the nineteenth century, young families began to settle in the Gilroy area. Land had been distributed to Spanish settlers. Gilroy and Old Gilroy were becoming established towns along the trade route from Monterey to San Francisco. The Castro, Carnedero, and Miller families, to name just a few, established Rancho's under Spanish rule. With this settlement came a changing landscape resulting from the large herds of grazing cattle. Rancho Las Animas, which surrounded the project section of Uvas Creek, established itself as a prominent rancho in the Gilroy area. This rancho is historically significant as the only rancho in California directly granted by the Viceroy representing the King of Spain. Between 1844 and 1848, the region was in upheaval as the missions began to close, land was distributed and wagon trains began to arrive from the east. During the years of 1840 to 1846, 70 such expeditions made their way to the San Francisco/ Monterey Area. In addition, the Mexican - American War was spreading from the south. These external influences took their toll on the Mexican population. It was a depressing time for the local natives. In 1848, California received its statehood. That same year, gold was discovered. Five hundred thousand people came to Northern California and as their hopes and dreams of striking it rich dwindled, they began to settle throughout the Bay Area. Gilroy continued to grow as homesteads began to appear along the Uvas Creek. As the town of Gilroy grew, the creek served as a recreation center for children's play, swimming, and trout fishing. Quarry Operations in the Creek, As early as the 1920's, the creek was used as a major source of gravel for road construction in Gilroy. Ini- tially, the gravel was loaded by hand onto low trucks with plank beds. The gravel was unloaded by turning the planks to allow the gravel to fall through. In the 1930's, large gravel operations began to use sophisti- cated equipment for gravel extraction which included cranes, sorters, and washers for dirt removal. Pits were dug in the creek to catch the gravel washing down- stream. Gravel extraction continued at the site of Uvas Creek Park Preserve until the 1970's. U v a s C r e e k P a r k P r e s e r v e 20 9 9 1 U v a s C r e e k P a r k P r e s e r v e 2l v a s C r e e k P a r k P r e s e r v e 21 1 9 9 2 Overview of Biotic resources :ng Vegetation Resources Creek Park Preserve supports eight distinct pes. These include four riparian (streamside) ns, a weedy grassland (ruderal) habitat, ar- ►nd /non -native landscaping, and two aquatic pendent) habitats. U v a s C r e e k P a r k P r e s e r Existing Wildl fe Resources The Uvas Creek Park Preserve represents a valuable resource. for a variety of wildlife, including species of special concern (i.e., state and federal threatened and endangered species, and state species of special con- cern). Riparian habitat on the project site varies from areas supporting primarily ruderal (weedy) vegetation to areas supporting mesic forests with abundant un- derstory. Wildlife habitat values are highest where the riparian tree canopy and understory is dense and con- tinuous, and where water is present. Significant vegetation for wildlife along Uvas Creek includes mature western sycamore, live oak and wil- low trees, snags, willow thickets, blue elderberry and California blackberry. The occasional mature sycamore and willow trees and snags are important for nesting and cover for cavity- dependent birds. The willow thickets support an abundance of insects. These thick- ets are especially important for migratory birds, such as warblers and vireos. The oaks, elderberry, and blackberry plants provide a valuable source of seasonal food; acorns are especially important to the survival of many wildlife species. e. 23 24 Ik,iparian Forest Habitats Oak1sycamore Niparian Forest The riparian vegetation downstream of Christmas Hill Park and the tree groves along the levee and upper slopes upstream of Miller Avenue are comprised of an oak /sycamore riparian forest including: Coast live oak Quercus agrifolia Buckeye Aesculus californica Sycamore Platanus racemosa Valley oak Quercus lobata Black walnut Juglans hindsii Blue elderberry Sambucus mexicana California Bay Umbellularia californica The trees which dominate the overstory of the oak/ sycamore riparian forest are typical to upper slope riparian areas and are well- adapted to the drier condi- tions away from the active channel. The understory of the oak /sycamore forest include shrubs such as: Black sage Salvia mellifera California rose Rosa californica Snowberry Symphoricarpos species Blackberry Rubus ursinus Undesirable, invasive non -native species in these areas include: Tree -of- heaven Ailanthus altissima Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia English ivy Hedera helix Giant reed Arundo donax Wiflow/Cottonwoocf�iparian Forest Portions of the creek corridor between Miller Avenue and Santa Teresa Boulevard are vegetated with a mix- ture of tree species including: Willow species Salix species Fremont cottonwood Populus fremonth Ash Fraxinus dipetula Blue elderberry Sambucus mexicana These areas have been designated as willow /cotton- wood riparian forest. Like the willow thicket habitat, the cottonwoods are dependent upon surface or near surface water and are adapted to living in a flood -prone environment. Both cottonwoods and willows rely on flood flows to periodically scour areas and deposit sediment upon which young seedlings will grow. U v a s C r e e k P a r k P r e s e r v e Willow Thicket The lower flood basin adjacent to Uvas Creek, between Miller Avenue and Santa Teresa Boulevard, is veg- etated primarily with riparian trees and shrubs. In many locations willows, which are the dominant tree, form dense thickets along the sides of the low -flow channel. These areas are characterized as willow thicket riparian forest. Four willow species occur along the creek: Sandbar Salix hindsiana Arroyo S. lasiolepis Red S. laevigata Yellow S. lasiandra Giant Reed ( Arundo donax), a bamboo -like invasive non - native plant, is a prominent component of many of the willow thicket areas. Willow Scrub Gravel deposits located between the low -flow channel and the levee slopes, between Miller Avenue and Santa Teresa Boulevard, are vegetated with a scattering of trees but include a mixture of the followings shrubs and trees: Mulefat Baccharis viminea Poison hemlock Conium maculatum Mustard Brassica sp. Sycamore Platanus racemosa Fremont cottonwood Populus fremontii Giant Reed Arundo donax U v a s C r e e k P a r k riparian Forest Wifdf fe Oak`Sycamore 9 iparian Forest Like the upstream end of Uvas Creek, the oak /sy- camore riparian forest downstream of Miller Avenue, just beyond the eucalyptus grove, possesses high wild- life value. However, the wildlife species composition varies with the upstream reach. This variation is primarily due to the lack of surface water during the dry- season and the tree canopy species and structure. The lack of surface water during the dry season prob- ably precludes the breeding of amphibian species and limits the use of the corridor by species such as green - backed heron that require more mesic conditions. Sig- nificant habitat features of this reach include the preva- lence of mature valley oaks and sycamore trees. Both of these trees provide an abundance of nest and cover sites for cavity- dependent species. In addition, while the oak trees provide acorns which are valuable as seasonal wildlife food. The large oak and sycamore trees also offer excellent raptor roost and nesting sites. The continuity of the tree canopy in this reach contrib- utes to its value as a corridor of movement for wildlife. P r e s e r v e. 25 26 1 9 9 2 Willow Thicket, Willow Scrub, and Cottonwood /Willow �Pjparian Forest The riparian forest along the upstream end of the study area, near Santa Teresa Boulevard, possesses high wildlife value. This section of Uvas Creek is more likely to provide habitat for breeding birds with a high affinity for riparian habitat than the downstream portion of the creek, due to the presence of surface water and a continuous corridor of willows. These factors help to create a habitat that is suitable for: Yellow warbler Dendroica petechia Wilson's warbler Wilsonia pusilla Swainson thrush Catharus ustulatus These birds are not likely to breed in the more and riparian vegetation along the downstream portion of the creek. The yellow warbler is a species of special concern. Other breeding birds include: Green - backed heron Butorides striatus Downy woodpecker Picoides pubescens Song sparrow Melospiza melodia Bewick's wren Thyromanes bewickii Rufous -sided towhee Pipilo erythropthalmus The riparian habitat between the Willow Riparian Forest and the eucalyptus grove, just downstream of Miller Avenue, consists of only a few scattered, remnant sycamores and snags. These trees provide a nesting habitat for: Plain titmouse Parus inornatus Ash throated flycatcher Myiarchus cinerascen American kestrel Falco sparverius Nuttall's woodpecker Picoides nuttallii Tree swallow Tachycineta bicolor The sycamore trees adjacent to Christmas Hill Park are also used by nesting: Red - shouldered hawks Buteo lineatus Northern orioles Icterus galbula In general, wildlife use of this section of Uvas Creek is similar to that described for the ruderal habitat, due to riparian vegetation removal by past quarrying and flood control practices. U v a s C r e e k P a r k P r e s e r v e Grassfand (R,uderaO Open areas between the riparian habitats within the flood channel and between the oak /sycamore groves on the levee slopes are dominated by grasses and herbaceous annual plants. Common species include: Non -native wild oat Avena barbata Perennial ryegrass Lolium perenne Ripgut brome Bromus rigidus Poison hemlock Comium maculatum Mustard Brassica sp. Yellow star thistles Centaurea solstitialis Purple star thistles Centaurea calcitrapa Also invasive non - native plants, are common throughout the open areas. Planting of native riparian vegetation has occurred in open areas on the north and south banks upstream of Miller Avenue. These plantings which complement the nearby riparian vegetation include: Fremont cottonwood Populus fremondi Valley oak Quercus lobata Coast live oak Quercus agrifolia Alder Alnus rhombifolia Blue elderberry Sambucus mexicana U v a s C r e e k P a r k The grassland habitat, which is characteristic of much of the floodplain and levees, supports species characteristic of disturbed grassy areas. The habitat supports an abundance of weedy species, providing seeds and herbaceous forage for rodents, including: Botta's pocket gopher Thomomys bottae California meadow vole Microtus californicus House mouse Mus musculus Western harvest mouse Reithrodontomys megalottis Due to the presence of rodents, these fields are foraging sites for mammalian predators such as coyote, striped skunk, and raptors including red - shouldered hawk and American kestrel. Typical birds of ruderal fields include: House finch Carpodacus mexicanus American goldfinch Cardeulis tristis Lesser goldfinch Cardeulis psaltria Mourning dove Zenaida macroura Scattered shrubs are used as nesting sites by: Northern mockingbird Mimus polyglottis Scrub jay Aphelocoma coerulescens Lesser goldfinch Cardeulis psaltria Common reptiles in this habitat type include: Western whiptail lizards Cnemidophorus tigris Western fence lizards Sceloperous occidentalis Gopher snakes Pituophis melanoleucus P r e s e r v e. 27 1 9 9 z • Representative amphibians and reptiles occurring in the freshwater marshes include: California newt Taricha torosa Pacific treefrog Hyla regilla Western toad Bufo boreas Bullfrog Rana catesbeiana Aquatic garter snake Thamnophis couchii Southwestern pond turtle Clemmys m. pallida - a wildlife species of concern. The abundance of prey in the freshwater marshes attract mammalian preda- tors including: Red fox Vulpes vulpes Raccoon Procyon lotor Virginia opossum Didelphis virginianus V,frinPli rAmnle Monhilic manhific Aquatic Vegetation Freshwater Marsh. Freshwater marsh vegetation occurs upstream of Miller Avenue along the edges of the ponds and along the low -flow channel, where a summer flow occurs. The vegetation is dominated by: Cattails Typha sp. Tules Scirpus spp. Water smartweed Polygonum sp. Rabbitsfoot grass Polygonum monspeliensis During intense winter storms, creek flows may scour the creek banks and remove some of the freshwater marsh vegetation. These species, however, are adapted to this dynamic system and are usually able to recolo- nize and /or root sprout the following spring. Open Water Marsh. The open water is typically devoid of vegetation. However, the off channel ponds may support aquatic plants such as: Pondweed Potamogeton sp. Waterweed Elodea sp. U v a s C r e e k P a r k P r e s e r v e Aquatic glad hats The in- channel and off - channel ponds are habitats with high wildlife value that support a varied and distinctive fauna. Surface water provides opportuni- ties for drinking, bathing, foraging, and reproduction for species that require ponded aquatic habitat for breeding. The freshwater marsh vegetation surround- ing the ponds provides wildlife with cover and nesting sites. The ponds are especially important for waterbirds and aquatic wildlife. Ponded areas supporting dense vegetation provide nesting habitat for: Mallards Anas platyrhyncos Pied - billed grebe Podilymbus podiceps American coot Fulica americana Foraging along the shoreline and roosting in the scat- tered trees are: Great blue heron Ardea herodias Green - backed heron Nycticorax nycticorax Black - crowned night heron Nycticorax nycticorax Other representative waterbirds include: Wintering snowy egret Egretta thula Virginia rail Rallus limicola Sora Porzana carolina Common snipe Gallinago gallinago Greater yellowlegs Tringa melanoleuca EXisting Fisheries *sources The fisheries resources of the preserve are dependent upon the extent and amount of water in the creek. In the summer, flow in Uvas Creek varies depending upon the amount of water released from Uvas Reser- voir. In the winter, flow varies depending upon reser- voir releases, rainfall, and other runoff within the watershed. Under permit from the California Depart- ment of Fish and Game, the Santa Clara Valley Water District is to release one acre -foot (or 10 cubic feet per second) of water from the dam daily. This release is estimated to result in the presence of summer surface flow at least to Miller Avenue, and perhaps down- stream as far as Monterey Road. However, summer 1992 dam release operations have resulted in water flow to just downstream of the large pond. During low stream flows, Uvas Creek within the park preserve has a mosaic of stream conditions. During summer 1992, the upstream section included a braided low -flow channel and a large in- channel pond. A short distance downstream of the large pond, the channel was dry and remained dry through the remainder of the creek. A number of off - channel ponds, formed by former quarry operations, were filled with water. The ponds were once very deep (20+ feet deep in 1973), but are becoming filled with sand and gravel caused by winter storms. U v a s C r e e k P a r k Fish species present within the creek include: Native Sa. squawfish Ptychoceilus grandis Hitch Lavinia exilicauda California roach L. symmetricus Sacramento sucker Catostomus occidentalis Prickly sculpin Cottus asper Also present are: Non -native carp Cyprinus carpio Green sunfish Lepomis cyanellus Bluegill L. marcrochirus Black crappie Pomoxis nigromacultatus Largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides Non -native fish species occur primarily as a result of reservoir spilling, and are largely restricted to the deeper quarry ponds. Adult steelhead use the creek as a migration pathway and the resting area (pools) during the winter. With adequate summer surface flow, the area could also be a potential rearing habitat for steelhead. Existing stream water temperatures are high, however, and fast water feeding areas (riffles) are required to provide the food and oxygen necessary for summer rearing. Re- ductions in stream flow eliminate the potential for summer rearing habitat. Introduced species such as: Crayfish Pacifasticus leniusculus and Procambarus clarki Bullfrogs Rana catesbeiana are usually common within the park preserve, al- though several years are required for crayfish popula- tions to recover following streambed drying. P r e s e r v e WE 30 9 9 2 'Z.lpland Landscaping/ Jon- Natives ,Caditats Eucalyptus trees are dominant along Uvas Creek, downstream of Miller Avenue. The trees offer nesting, roosting, and /or perching sites for raptors such as: Red - tailed hawk Buteo jamaicensis Red - shouldered hawk Great horned owl Bubo virginianus A variety of flycatchers, including pacific slope fly- catcher and western wood -pewee (Contopus sordidulus) use eucalyptus trees for nesting. Bird species abundance and diversity in this habitat is prob- ably highest during fall migration and in winter, when the flowering trees provide forage for migrating, resi- dent, and wintering birds, such as: Yellow -umped warbler Dendroica coronata Townsend's warbler D. townsendi Yellow warbler D. petechia Orange- crowned warblerVermivora celata Allen's hummingbird Selasphorus sasin Anna's hummingbird Calypte anna Overall, however, the eucalyptus trees have lower habitat value than native oak and sycamore trees, since they inhibit the growth of understory vegetation, lim- iting use of eucalyptus groves by wildlife that require dense understory for cover or nesting. TCantings The vegetation along the creek corridor near Christ- mas Hill Park is dominated by various species of non - native eucalyptus. The trees form a dense canopy with little understory vegetation. Young saplings have become established in the channel bed and within the adjacent riparian vegetation. Due to its aggressive growth habit, eucalyptus is considered a potential threat to native riparian habitat areas. Other landscape plantings occur within the preserve and near the Ranch Site. These include: Pines Pinus sp. Walnuts Juglans sp. U v a s C r e e k P a r k. P r e s e r v e ZI v a s C r e e k P a r k P r e s e r v e 31 9 9 2 �! �_ t�" �_ R` �► _ ` n 6 `a �. !" �� a F �� . r �� Land Ownership The County of Santa Clara owns approximately two- thirds of the land identified within this re- port. The County executed a lease agreement with the City of Gilroy for the development and maintenence of the recreational open space. The lease states that in exchange for the use of their land, the City would integrate the park into the County's regional trail system. R,equfating Agencies Water bodies within the United States, such as creeks and rivers, are defined as significant natu- ral resources, which serve important functions relating to food chain production, habitat for aquatic and land species, and water filtration. As a significant resource, the Uvas Creek Park Preserve is protected by several regulating agen- cies. These agencies not only define what is to be regulated but how it is to be protected. The major regulating agencies involved are the United States Army Corps of Engineers, the California Department of Fish and Game, and the Santa Clara Valley Water District. `z1.S. Army Corps of Engineers Any proposed discharge of dredged or fill material into the waters of the United States must be authorized by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Pursuant to Section 404 of the Clean Water Act, waters of the United States generally include lakes, rivers, streams, and their adjacent wetlands. Intermittent streams, such as Uvas Creek, must first be defined and evalu- ated to determine the extent of the regulating agencies' jurisdiction. A jurisdictional delineation of the project site defined the specific areas subject to regulation by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. This jurisdictional delinea- tion will be used as a tool during the construction document phase of the project to ensure that the native habitat and water components of the project are main- tained and preserved. The South Bay field representa- tive attended the preliminary technical committee site visit and provided clear direction and guidance for the portions of this Master Plan subject to their regula- tions. Based on these preliminary discussions, this Master Plan addresses the concerns raised by the South Bay Field representative. An individual permit must be issued prior to the start of any construction. During the development of the construction documents, an application can be sub- mitted to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. This will take place when construction documents are about 90% complete. Permitting time is estimated to be from three to nine months due to the public nature of this project. U v a s C r e e k P a r k California Department of Fish and Game This agency regulates any work in a water body, and is specifically concerned with projects in which fish and wildlife habitat are affected. A Stream Bed Alteration Agreement is required prior to any construction. Sub- mittals for the application cannot occur until construc- tion documents are 50% - 75% complete. At this time, the Department of Fish and Game will review the project to determine if mitigation is required. The Department of Fish and Game has been included in the technical committees. In addition, various repre- sentatives including a biologist and fisheries experts have participated throughout this Master Plan process. The design concepts relating to the development of the low flow channel and the re- vegetation concepts have been discussed with the Department of Fish and Game. Proposed modifications to existing grades, vegetation, or wildlife have been reviewed for compliance with their permit requirements. Mitigation requirements could include replacing plant material, increasing fish- ery habitat, or stabilization and erosion control of grad- ing operations. P r e s e r v e. 33 1 9 9 z 34 Santa Clara valley Water District The major water purveyor in the county is the Santa Clara Valley Water District ( SCVWD) which is respon- sible for maintaining and monitoring all projects along water courses, their adjacent flowage easements, and percolation ponds. The Design Coordination Division of the SCVWD has participated throughout the techni- cal committee process. Amajor objective of the SCVWD is to ensure that flood control capacities are not jeopar- dized, that maintenance corridors are maintained along the length of the creek, and that the roughness coeffi- cient established during the design and development of the levee is not increased. An objective goal of the Master Plan is to increase the flood plain and holding capacity of the creek where possible. A permit is required from the SCVWD prior to the start of construction. It is understood that this project is within a flood control channel and is subject to natural inundation which can seasonally change the topogra- phy of the site. County of Santa Clara The Parks and Recreation Department of the County of Santa Clara has participated throughout the Master Plan Process. Their input was invaluable in develop- ing the historical component of the design solution and in refinement of the regional trail connections. The County Board of Supervisors and the Parks and Recre- ation Commission have approved the design solutions presented in this report. Since the County owns the land, their approval of the construction documents will be required. U v a s C r e e k P a r k P r e s e r v e Other Rsgulating Agencies Other agencies involved include the Loma Prieta Re- source Conservation District and the Regional Water Quality Control Board. These agencies will be in- volved throughout the construction document phase of the project to ensure that soil erosion does not occur and that soil conservation practices are maintained during the development process. Several departments within the City of Gilroy have participated in the development of this plan. Upon development of con- struction documents each department will be allowed an opportunity to review the plans. The construction documents shall comply with: City Ordinances 80 -23 and 87 -4 for Flood Plain Management; Gilroy Flood Warning System for Uvas Creek; Consolidated Landscape Policies adopted in September 1990; and Environmental Impact Reports prepared in 1985 and updated in 1992 -93. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has developed the following peak discharge versus frequency data for Uvas Creek at Highway 152. Information is typical for the project area. Excedence Interval Flow 10 year 7,650 cfs 25 year 12,500 cfs 50 year 14,100 cfs 100 year 17,000 cfs 500 year 22,2000 cfs Standard Project Flood 18,800 cfs Hydraulics The existing Uvas Creek channel through Gilroy varies in width from approximately 220 to 1200 feet and varies in depth from 8 to 12 feet. The bottom slope of Uvas Creek for the 4 mile reach upstream of Santa Teresa Parkway is approximately 0.0030 (.3 %). From Santa Teresa Boulevard downstream to Highway 101, the bottom slope flattens to approximately 0.0017 (17 %). Under current conditions, the flow velocity in Uvas Creek between Santa Teresa Boulevard and Thomas Road is in the range of 5 to 10 feet per second. From information in the Federal Flood Insurance Study of Uvas Creek, the average flow velocity through the old quarry is approximately 2 to 3 feet per second under flood flow conditions. In 1987 the U.S.Army Corps of Engineers constructed a levee running parallel with the creek, along Uvas Park Drive. This reduces the flooding potential to the developed parts of the City of Gilroy. During the design and development of the levee a roughness the coefficient for the creek was established. The N' value or roughness coefficient of friction varies within the creek and ranges from .05 near Santa Teresa Boulevard to .07 near Miller Avenue and Thomas Road. Hydrau- lic calculations will be required as grading plans are developed to ensure that any design solution does not increase these numbers. Sedimentation Sediment is moved along a creek in suspension or the creek bottom in a bouncing or rolling manner. The hydraulic parameters of a creek determines the ability to transport sediments. These parameters include flow, velocity, channel shape, and slope. The natural bottom slope of Uvas Creek changes from 0.0030 upstream of the project to 0.0017 at Santa Teresa Boulevard. Historical information about the gravel mining operation along the creek indicates that gravel pits were located immediately downstream of this change in bottom slope. The gravel operators extracted gravel from the creek bottom, and the resulting pit was refilled naturally with sand and gravel by the creek itself during the following winter season. One of the proposed ponds will be located at the old gravel pits. Therefore, the sediment transporting abil- ity of Uvas Creek will continue to bring sand and gravel into the existing and proposed ponds and will eventu- ally require re- excavation. The construction of Uvas Reservoir has reduced both the sediment load and the creek flows in Uvas Creek at Gilroy. Therefore, the current rate of sediment to be transported is much lower than under natural conditions. (Pre -1958 reservior construction) U v a s C r e e k P a r k P r e s e r v e 35 36 1 9 9 1 U v a s C r e e k P a r k P r e s e r v e 2( v a s C r e e k P a r k P r e s e r v e 37 9 9 2 Activity Areas The 1983 Master Plan identified three major types of activity areas referred to as: a natural zone, an informal activity zone, and an organized activity zone. During the initial stages of the 1992 Master Plan, process these zones were re- evaluated. As a result the organized activity zone was removed and an educational zone was added. The basis for the changes include: Field reconnaissance which identified a large area in biotic succession. • Active, organized sports are planned to be located on the Ranch Site addition to Christmas Hill Park. • The 1992 Task Force places a high priority on the educational aspects of the project and stated that it is critical and should be emphasized. The following activity areas were developed based on these changes since 1983. Natura( Zone Emphasis in this zone is on preservation and enhance- ment of the natural creek environment. This zone occurs along large portions of the creek bed. Because this habitat is valuable for species of special concern, human activities will be limited to specific points of interest and trails which circulate around the perim- eter of any sensitive natural area. Grade changes along the trail will provide majestic views across and down into the portions of the preserve areas. Landscape buffers will provide additional protection for valuable biotic habitat. Grading and re- vegetation will occur in these natural areas only where safety hazards, debris piles, or non - native invasive plants occur. U v a s C r e e k P a r k Educationa[Zone This zone provides educational opportunities for local citizens and school groups to visit, enjoy, and learn about the water related habitats in the Preserve. The educational zone is designed to allow a close and natural relationship between the schools and the park. Within this zone a number of interpretive points of interest will be associated with the Trail of Biodiversity and the Historical Trail. The educational zone sur- rounds the natural zone, integrating the concepts of preservation and enhancement of the creek, then dis- playing them through the use of interpretive panels and discovery sites. Appropriate explorations and interactions are encouraged while individuals learn to be sensitive to this fragile ecosystem. Informa(Activity Zones These areas include low to medium intensity activities including: water related activities, pedestrian and bi- cycle trails, and points of interest. The most intensive amount of grading and re- vegetation occurs in these zones. The majority of these areas are located along the upper banks of the creek and where quarry operations were most destructive. Landscape buffers will be used to separate these activity zone from the natural zone. P r e s e r v e: 39 40 C Descri ption of the Master Plan This 1992 Master Plan for Uvas Creek Park Preserve combines the concepts presented in the 1983 report with the modifications proposed by the 1992 Task Force and Technical Committee. Because this docu- ments has been developed as an update, information from the 1983 report has been incorporated, in part, throughout this document. The design plan emphasizes and enhances the systems proposed in the 1983 plan. The plan creates a system for providing passive public recreation while respect- ing the creek's natural environment. The design solu- tion incorporates a pedestrian and bicyclist circulation system, recreational activities, and an outdoor educa- tional hub while preserving and restoring the creek ecosystem. This Master Plan proposes using the creek as the cen- tral focus. The natural areas encompass the portions of the creek that are the most biologically sensitive, thus ensuring that the biotic habitat is preserved. The circulation system allows people to move in, around, across, and through the eight habitat zones located within the creek banks, providing both educational and recreational opportunities. Informal activity areas are integrated along the edges of the natural areas to allow interaction with the water and its related ecosys- tem. To implement the design concepts, land sculpting is required. Using the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' jurisdictional delineation as a base, land movement will be limited to removing safety hazards and debris piles, creation of off - stream ponds and sculpting for the trail system. Desirable existing vegetation will be preserved throughout this process. Planting of native vegetation is recommended through- out the park. Emphasis is on the preservation, en- hancement, and restoration of the eight biotic habitats. Plantings will be used for spatial definition, shade, buffers, and visual interest. The following pages describe the various components of the park preserve. After each description is a list of design criteria to be used during the development of the project. Many of these statements were presented in the 1983 report, many have been updated, and several are new. U v a s C r e e k P a r k P r e s e r v e r Ik r c r l� y a �r 6 C ]I L �P 1 P l s i s•�'s ss'�� i, - � � .:� " • _ BAR' .`Z.=.'' _ ,� � -- -:— - _ �O.g""'=- _"'":� �,�annS�E � r i �• ` � � - -fir a •- °"+ „ •""'i �q��` ypo�' * __r /, ° � ,�9, � ,,;�T_ `,C +�p�{i �r� -,.- ":�.- �.,r.• -.'J �.y7l�W�* �a .� ,fig y-0 ��'°� '.."w� �C, - *� �'+� goe�yG•�i'T�! S �rdut�.P+9 drlffl� •�4_; �5��',� !�n!r'" ��RY.v.:�� \�r.G.R��/1- + ..'rR4ean - - r 4 0 P Mining %Quarry Facilities Potential Location- for Staging Area Elderberry & Blackberry Patch Existing Pond Addition .+ e �;� of `'� ••�, Proposed Schoof Site Education Zone Trait Head Proposed Education Center Proposed Maintenance Headquarters Ciry of GT(roy UVAS CS\,EEJC TAR,,K �EUSEX;)E 1992 Master Flan IDM J etas Park, Christmas 9ill PI 7CdCside Addit • Proposed Pond Proposed Pond Contemplation Circle Pebbles on the Beach Existing Pond OverlookArea Levee Easement OvertookArea Future R,esidentia(Area Existing Bluff Ryad Addition .+ e �;� of `'� ••�, Proposed Schoof Site Education Zone Trait Head Proposed Education Center Proposed Maintenance Headquarters Ciry of GT(roy UVAS CS\,EEJC TAR,,K �EUSEX;)E 1992 Master Flan IDM J etas Park, Christmas 9ill PI 7CdCside Addit • 11 A '�°� Gi (jro�fgh ScFcggf Parking Lot 1� 1� l/t Pedestrian Bridge Site for Future Miigh Schoo! expansion Over(voks'irea De Anza ?rail MarkSr } K Potential Location for Staging Area V Q �Q Legend Points of Interest 4� Interpretive Area Cu(tura( WSsource Over(ook,Point • Picnic Area Circulation System ■ Staging Area Parking facilities Pcstroorns and services • Access Points Pedestrian and bicycle access Trails Overlook, Biodiversity or Mistorical Crossings 7 Pedestrian Bridge Lou�flow Crossing (pedestrian and vehicular) D City street Crossing Upland Trees or Non - Native Plantings C---D Pine/ Oak, 7Wood(and BEAUS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE % n 1 Acre Art o roo mo goo Npvember 3, 1992 Legend 91Cabitat Zones E,jsting Proposed Aquatic -<)� Open Water (Creek, & Ponds) t Fresh Water Marsh Riparian Forest `YViftow /Cottonwood C� Oak/ Sycamore �— Wilfow Thicket CZ:�D Willow Scrub Grasslands Dry or Wet Crossings 7 Pedestrian Bridge Lou�flow Crossing (pedestrian and vehicular) D City street Crossing Upland Trees or Non - Native Plantings C---D Pine/ Oak, 7Wood(and BEAUS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE % n 1 Acre Art o roo mo goo Npvember 3, 1992 Circufation System Creek,Crossings The preserve will provide three crossings over the creek: two lowflow crossings and one pedestrian bridge. The two lowflow crossings are located between Santa Teresa Boulevard and Miller Avenue. These crossings will allow for maintenance, emergency, or security vehicles to cross the creek. No other vehicular traffic will be allowed within the park. The two lowflow crossings divide the preserve into three areas and cre- ate trail loops within the park. The area between the lowflow crossings is designated as the creek park pre- serve and educational zone. The pedestrian bridge is located between Miller Av- enue and Thomas Road. The primary purpose of this bridge is to connect the existing Gilroy High School with the proposed high school to be located south of the project. Because the banks are steep and the creek is channelized in this section, the bridge is required. The bridge spans from 100 -120 feet and is located above the flood waters. U v a s Section C Lowf[ow Crossing Station 83 + 00 OaklSycamare Levee Pyad C r e e k Section D Pedestrian Bridge Station 42 + 00 41 i 9 9 2 P a r k P r e s e r v e_ 42 U Trails A major component of the park's circulation system is the trails. Uvas Creek Park Preserve features three different types of trails: the Overlook Trail, the Trail of Biodiversity, and the Historical Trail. Each type of trail is multi- purpose. The hierarchy of the trails separates bicycles from pedestrians, and regional circulation from internal pedestrian circulation. The trail system is designed to minimize the impact on the creek preserve, while efficiently circulating people through the ele- ments in the park. OverfookTrails 9 The northern overlook trail, which is located along the 9 to of the levee, provides the user with opportunities to 1 P P PP look out over the creek, across the creek preserve, and down into the creek. The southern overlook trail and its associated landscape buffer provide a separation be- tween the Ranch Site, the Education Center and the proposed residential community. Both overlook trails are paved and serve as the regional bicycle trail connection. These trails also provide the security and maintenance path required by the Santa Clara Valley Water District and City departments such as Police, Fire, and Parks maintenance. The trails are approximately 12 -15 feet wide to provide two way regional bike circulation and to accommodate the width of maintenance vehicles. The northern overlook trail currently exists; however, the southern overlook trail must be constructed. Trail of Biodiversity The Trail of Biodiversity is a gravel trail for pedestrian use that meanders through the eight habitat zones introduced earlier. The trail provides the user with opportunities to experience the various habitat zones. Interpretative plaques and signage plant markers will be located at key spots along this trail. The goal is to maximize the user's experience by placing the trail around the perimeter of the park preserve and through- out the educational area. The user's experience is en- hanced by the changing elevation which enables the user to look out at or be next to the creek's biotic flora and fauna without disturbing sensitive habitats. JTI storical Trail The Historical Trail is a gravel trail for pedestrian use that connects the various points of cultural interest along the trail. Similar to the Trail of Biodiversity, the Cultural Trail meanders through the park and each interpretive plague or marker will represent a period of historical significance. Several cultural events will be documented and historical milestones will be refer- enced. Historical points of interest will be located in conjunction with plant communities which has cul- tural or historical significance. For instance, the Indian Discovery Site will discuss the Indians' use of local plants for medicinal purposes. The plants described will be found in close proximity. Several historical points of interest are designated and listed below. During the design development phase of U v a s C r e e k P a r k P r e s e r v e the project, additional information will be gathered to C determine other periods in time to be highlighted along the trail. Examples of Points of Interest include: U • Indian Discovery Site • Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail A • Early Spanish settlements • Turn of the Century Homesteaders • Contemplation Circle • Sand and Gravel Display -r vv -w y% Fpt4' Design Criteria Prohibit vehicular traffic within Uvas Creek 'Park Preserve except for security, emergency, and main- tenance vehicles. These vehicles are limited to the maintenance corridors and asphalt paved trails. Separate pedestrian and bicycle traffic where fea- sible. When contact occurs use striping, paving markers, and directional elements to minimize con- flicts. ® Provide a multi -use 12 - 15 foot wide regional bicycle trail along the southern boundary. This trail shall be ashalt paved. Trail of I or Muton Overlook Zl v a s C r e e k k. 'P r e s e r v e 43 1 9 9 a 44 I 9 9 s Educationa(Zone A major component of this master plan and the Ranch Site Master Plan is the Education Center, which is situated and designed to work in harmony with the creek, its environs, and the creek preserve. The main education building is centrally located as an overlook into the creek. A wide deck allows people views across the natural preserve and educational zone. Thebuilding will provide interpretive historical and educational information about the creek, Gilroy history, and display other museum artifacts. A small group picnic area is located upstream from the building, and an interpretative garden is on the downstream side. The building and surrounding garden are integrated into the transitional buffer running along the creek trail. The Educational Center will provide detailed information and exhibits on the plants and animals found in the park and will provide interpretive information about their roles and niches in the ecosystem. Focus areas could include the life cycle of steelhead or migratory bird species dependent on the creek and their associated wetlands. Located between Wren Avenue and Laurel Drive, the educational zone will feature a number of interpretive points of interest. As the visitor walks out from the educationbuilding, towards the EducationalZone Trail Head, the first point of interest is discovered. The plaque will discuss the park and its purpose. The information provided will include a discussion about the water cycle and its importance to humans and to the bio tic flora and fauna within the park. This graphic, provided by the SCVWD, is representative of the infor- mation to be displayed. U v a s C r e e k, P a r k P r e s e r v U v a s 45 Des�qn Criteria the design criteria for the educational zone includes: Provide opportunities for park visitors to utilize their senses of touch, sight, sound, and smell to enhance their experience within the creek banks. • Provide experiences in the natural habitat close to the schools for their use. • Provide an environment that encourages and in- stills an appreciation of the natural creek habitat for park visitors. 9 9 2 Break down the barriers between on -site natural science experiences and classroom instruction. The park will offer in direct hands -on experiences and planned a- -- __rr Education Cei Group Picnic. Educational C r e e k P a r k P r e s e r v e 46 1 9 9 z Points of Interest Several points of interest are located along the Histori- cal Trail and the Trail of Biodiversity. By providing signage and other information, each point of interest offers an opportunity for the visitor to stop and learn. Points of interest include: Contemplation Circle This is a large gathering circle for such activities as outdoor classrooms, meetings, and viewing of the large pond. Sighting of this spot was selected to serve as an overlook to the preserve and Educational Zone. The Trail of Biodiversity and the Historical Trail cross through the center. The circle marks a place to stop and reflect the creek and it's environs. It is a place to contemplate, hence the name Contemplation Circle. The east side of the circle is terraced and forms a crescent. The steps of the terrace face towards the large pond, providing the observer spectacular views. The circle is large enough to accommodate school groups. Sand and Gravel Display This point of interest will demonstrate the operations that occurred during the removal of sand and gravel from the creek. Remnants from the quarry operations are still present within the project area. It also serves an educational purpose, letting people understand what had happened prior to the restoration efforts. U v a s Proposed Contemplation Circle Existing -ond Levee Easement Overtook,Area C r e e k P a r k P r e s e r v e 'Wiffow /Cottonwood Forest Wiflow /Cottonwood Forest Pebbles on the Beach Section A Pebbfes on the Beach Station 109 + 00 Levee &ad Residence Lowffow Pond Creek Section B Contemplation Circfe Station 101 +00 Oak/Sycamore Forest m 1 9 9 2 Gf:3 Additional Design Criteria Future Development Along the Creek, • Provide vehicular circulation systems that are sen- sitive to the creek environment. The SCVWD Guide- lines for creekside development should be fol- lowed. • Provide pedestrian and bicycle access and connec- tions to the creek trail system. • Limit backyard and sideyard fencing where pos- sible, to provide the maximum amount of access to the creek frontage. 9 9 • Provide a minimum 25 feet of landscape buffers Tfanting • Complement the biotic habitats indigenous to the area for their habitat, wildlife, and educational value. • Select plant material for environmental and func- tional plant characteristics. • Complement the natural plant massings without increasing the N' value established by the SCVWD and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. • Use plant sizes, shapes, colors, textures, and sea- sonal variations to provide contrasts, define activity areas, and create buffers. • Retain and extend understory planting to encour- age wildlife habitat. • Provide erosion control on all disturbed areas, for the creation of a lowflow channel, and for any problem areas. • Remove existing non - native noxious or invasive plant species and provide long term management to prevent their reintroduction. • Encourage active community involvement in land- scape planting and creek restoration. U v a s C r e e k P a r k P r e s e r v e 71 v a s C r e e k P a r k, P r e s e r v e 49 �^ �. �_ �^ �� !p ■r P �: [° L P �6 Y �• Y Implementation of the Master fan Thased Development The City has approximately $1.29 million dollars to construct Phase I of the project. The money has been made possible from three sources. The largest, $1.2 million, is a bequest from Dennis DeBell, the remain- ing $40,000 came from two separate grants, one from the Department of Water Resources and the other from the Department of Fish and Game. Elements included in Phase I were selected based on the following criteria: 1. Work necessary to make the project safe for users, 2. Areas covered under the U.S. Army Corps jurisdiction and permits, which expires four years from the date of issue, 3. Infrastructure to which later construction would require destruction of other previously constructed items, 4. Items needed to meet current codes or stan- dards such as ADA compliance, 5. Planting associated with grading operation to provide erosion control, 6. Shade trees which require time to mature, 7. Creek restoration in coordination with two grants awarded in 1992. Preliminary Construction Costs The following preliminary construction cost estimate is based on 1992 unit prices. All tasks would be per- formed by a licensed independent contractor. Over- head and profit for the contractor are included in these unit prices. The construction costs could be reduced by employment of volunteers, California Conservation Corps, or City of Gilroy crews. Reduced material costs would require donations from civic groups or use of state and federal grant money. A contingency amount has been added to subtotals to cover a portion of unknown variables that will be resolved during the construction document phase of the project. These variables include such factors as U.S. Army Corps of Engineers delineation of the wetlands and permit pro- cess or other unknowns that may be discovered durine operation All other items from the Master Plan will be included in Phase II of the project. The current estimate for the total project costs is approximately $4.7 million. U v a s C r e e k P a r k P r e s e r v e 51 1 9 9 z 52 Thase I Items to be Constructed Item 1: Site Preparation Removal of non -native trees Clearing and grubbing Removal of rubble piles Removal of noxious weeds Spraying of noxious weeds Hauling costs, dumping fees Construction fencing of Preserve Construction signs Item 2: Grading and Drainage Boulders /rock moving 9 Lowflow channel* s 75,000.00 Grading and earthwork Storm inlet Drain line Outfall structure Lowflow emergency crossings Item 3: Handicapped ramps Handicap ramps to levee Item 4: Fencing and walls Post and rail to limit vehicles Gabion retaining walls $ 215,000.00 19,000.00 67,000.00 8,000.00 42,000.00 59,000.00 10,000.00 5,000.00 5,000.00 Item 5: Irrigation systems Irrigation system quick coupler. and impact heads only Back flow preventors Water supply line Controllers Water meters Portable water line $ 393,000.00 Item 6: Planting and erosion control* 8,000.00 Wetlands grass Dry grasslands $43,000.00 Hand sowing dry grasslands 280,000.00 Propaqules - fresh water marsh 6,000.00 Pole cuttings - willow thicket 10,000.00 Contemplation Circle 4,000.00 Item 7: Container planting 10,000.00 15 gallon trees $9,000.00 Item 8: Site furnishings Benches Removable bollards to limit access $43,000.00 Interpretive plaques 38,000.00 5,000.00 Item 9: Special interest areas Contemplation Circle Pebbles on the Beach De Anza Trail Marker $123,000.00 Item 10: Interim Education Building $200,000.00 Temporary building 100,000.00 Site preparation 100,000.00 86,000.00 8,000.00 2,000.00 7,000.00 16,000.00 4,000.00 $170,000.00 31,000.00 61,000.00 28,000.00 35,000.00 15,000.00 $49,000.00 $44,000.00 29,000.00 7,000.00 8,000.00 $16,000.00 8,000.00 5,000.00 3,000.00 U v a s C r e e k P a r k P r e s e r v e Item 11: Habitat enhancement $2,400.00 Bird nest boxes 2,000.00 Roost poles 400.00 GRAND TOTAL $1,264,400.00 * The grants of $40,000 willl be. used to construct por- tions of these elements. *source Management Plan The Resource Management Plan, as a component of the Uvas Creek Park Preserve Master Plan, is intended to provide guidance to the City of Gilroy to manage, preserve, restore, and enhance the biotic resources within the park preserve. While the management plan recommends specific actions for the management of the riparian resources consistent with the goals and objectives of the Master Plan, it should be recognized that riparian corridors are dynamic natural systems subject to intense environmental processes (e.g., flood- ing, erosion, sedimentation). Measures recommended in this plan attempt to take these processes into ac- count; however, recommendations in the plan may need to be revised or modified based upon actual site conditions. U v a s C r e e k P a r k Goals of Resource Management TCan Preserve and restore the natural creek environ- ment.* Maintain and enhance biodiversity to the benefit of native vegetation, wildlife, and fishery resources. objectives of the Resource Management Ilan Restore a natural lowflow channel, beneficial to salmon and other fishery resources. Remove infestations of invasive, non - native plant species. Revegetate specified areas with native riparian habitat (willow- cottonwood riparian forest, oak sycamore riparian forest, and willow thicket). Consider maintenance factors and minimize costs.* Manage portions of the preserve to maximize wild- life habitat values. * - denotes goals and objectives adopted for the Uvas Creek Park Preserve Master Plan. P r e s e r v e: 53 1 9 9 z 54 1 9 9 s source Management Tasks The following tasks have been identified for the Uvas Creek Park Preserve to meet the stated goals and objectives. Lowflow Channel Management Background: The morphology of the Uvas Creek channel within the project area has been significantly altered by gravel mining operations, the change in flow regime brought about by the construction and operation of Uvas Dam, and the construction of flood control levees. This has resulted in a broad, braided streambed, with an ill- defined bankfull channel. In its present condition the creek provides poor fish habitat during lowflow conditions and difficult passage conditions during the winter for adult steelhead. Management Tasks: The Master Plan recommends excavation of the streambed in several locations up- stream of Miller Avenue to establish a more stable and natural channel. The specific design for the meandering lowflow chan- nel will be determined during the preparation of the plans and specifications phase of project design, based upon more detailed surveying work. Plantings of wil- low thicket habitat (young brushy willows) will occur along the edge of the new lowflow channel. The willows will provide stability to the channel as well as providing cover and shade for fish. Management of In Stream Tond Background: The existing in- stream pond (old quarry pit), located upstream of the existing creek crossing, provides important habitat for wildlife rasources and for some warmwater fish. The pond also provides habitat for amphibians (e.g., frogs). The close proxim- ity of the existing trail and maintenance road, coupled with the lack of woody vegetation along the southern edge of the pond, limits the pond's use by some wild- life (i.e., sensitive bird species). Management Tasks: The existing in- stream pond should not be actively maintained by excavation, nor should it be filled artificially. The pond should be allowed to fill with water and /or gravels naturally during high flows of winter storms. The rate of filling will be subject to natural rainfall and runoff in the watershed. Once the pond fills with gravel, the chan- nel will probably be braided; reconfiguration of the channel is recommended to a design that facilitates use by steelhead, as implemented for other portions of the river, as discussed previously. Riparian vegetation, such as cottonwoods, willow, and sycamores, should be planted along the southern shoreline to provide wildlife habitat and buffer adja- cent recreational uses. Trees will provide roost sites for herons, raptors, and egrets. If water is available and a seasonal pond is desired downstream of Miller Avenue, the pond should be created behind a seasonal dam. U v a s C r e e k P a r k P r e s e r v e Management of Off Stream Tonds Background: The existing off - stream ponds, lo- cated upstream of Miller Avenue, provide im- portant habitat for wildlife resources and for some warmwater fish. The pond also provides habitat for amphibians (e.g., frogs). Management Tasks: The existing off - stream ponds and new ponds created upon implemen- tation of the Master Plan, all located upstream of Miller Avenue, should be allowed to naturally fill withwater and gravels depending upon natu- ral rainfall and runoff in the watershed. Riparian vegetation (e.g., cottonwoods, willow, sycamores) and freshwater marsh vegetation (e.g., cattails, tules) should be planted and /or main- tained along the shorelines to provide wildlife habitat and buffer adjacent recreational uses. Management of Riparian Forest Habitats Background: The wildlife habitat value of ripar- ian forests is among the highest of all habitat types in California. Riparian habitats generally support a greater abundance and diversity of wildlife species than adjacent uplands. This high value is created by: (1) the presence of surface water; (2) the presence of deciduous trees which attract large populations of insects; (3) the vari- ety of niches for wildlife due to the complex habitat structure; and (4) the high degree of habitat edge (the interface (edge) of two or more habitats support use by many species). Uvas Creek represents a valuable resource for a variety of wildlife, including species of special concern (i.e., state and federal threatened and endangered species, and state species of special concern). Factors that contribute to its high value include the presence of riparian forest vegetation near Santa Teresa Boulevard, a pe- rennial water source (in at least the upstream half of Uvas Creek), its continuity with high value riparian forest downstream and upstream of the study area, and proximity to adjacent undeveloped areas. In addition, the creek serves as a refuge for wildlife from the largely unsuit- able habitat conditions of adjacent urbanized and cultivated areas. Two notable patterns of wildlife movement occur in the study area. On a larger landscape scale, this includes movement along Uvas Creek; and on a smaller local scale, movement from the Uvas Creek study area to adjacent oak woodland immediately to the south. Uvas Creek is a major wildlife corridor in the southern Santa Clara Valley. The Uvas Creek corridor allows wildlife movement through the study area, and con- tributes significantly to the Uvas Creek Park Preserve's wildlife value. In general, wildlife corridors provide connectivity between habitat areas, enhancing species richness and diversity in the local area and region. In developing areas (e.g., Gilroy) which contain defined corridors of movement (e.g., Uvas Creek), and /or are continuous with adjacent open space areas, wildlife movement, and interconnections between natural ar- eas take on added importance. Wide - ranging wildlife species that benefit from movement corridors include: Black- tailed deer Odocoileus h. columbarius Coyote Canis latrans Grey fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus Bobcat Lynx rufus Raccoon Procyon lotor On a smaller, local scale the corridor's continuity with sub - drainages that connect with adjacent oak wood- lands to the south could be important to wildlife of the park preserve. U v a s C r e e k P a r k Management Tasks: Riparian habitat within the park preserve should be preserved and restored to the great- est extent feasible. The Master Plan recommends re- storing degraded areas with native riparian habitat, re- aligning trails and maintenance roads away from par- ticularly sensitive and /or valuable habitat areas, and providing environmental interpretation to park visi- tors on the value of riparian habitat to wildlife. Imple- mentation of these park features will add to the habitat value to the Uvas Creek system. Due to the overall lack of mature trees upstream of Miller Avenue, supplemental bird nesting facilities are recommended for the riparian corridor. The installa- tion of bird nest boxes would provide many species of birds, as well as some mice and other mammals, with nest sites and cover. In general, nest boxes should be placed approximately 50 feet apart, with neighboring boxes designed to attract different species. Most nest boxes should be placed from 8 to 20 feet above the ground on a tree trunk, post or a pole. On branches, boxes should be suspended at least one foot below the branch and not attached directly to the tree. Nest boxes are most successful when oriented toward a nearby tree, or away from areas of frequent activity. Boxes should be cleaned after every nesting season by remov- ing old nest material, remaining eggshells and other debris. A wildlife biologist should assist City park staff and /or volunteers in the selection and placement of the bird nest boxes. P r e s e r v e 55 1 9 9 z W Management of Invasive, Ngn- native Plant Species Background: Invasive, non -native plant species occur throughout the Uvas Creek Park Preserve. Due to their agressive growth habits, they often outcompete with native plant species to the detriment of botanical and wildlife habitat resource values. Large infestations of giant reed and star thistle occur upstream of Miller Avenue. Scattered infestations occurr downstream of Miller Avenue. Other species of management concern are tree -of heaven, young seedlings of eucalyptus, and pampas grass. 9 9 Management Tasks: The restoration plan for the Uvas z Creek Park Preserve will focus on the management of six invasive species that presently occur at the site or may colonize the site in the future. These species are: Black locust Eucalyptus Giant reed Pampas grass Star thistle Tree -of- heaven Management strategies for these species are described below. Control methods are recommended for both the construction and long -term management phases. There are three fundamental objectives for the man- agement of these invasive non - native species: preven- tion, eradication, and control. The most desirable approach for restoration should use an integrated pest management plan that employs a variety of control measures, including mechanical, physical, and chemi- cal methods. In general, during the construction phase mechanical methods are appropriate, depending on site conditions. Mechanized equipment (i.e. tractors and bulldozers) is not safe to operate for slopes over 30 %. Such equipment may not be useful for soils that are susceptible to compaction or erosion or that are very moist. Although mechanical removal is fast and economical, there are drawbacks in that the removal is non - selective and provides denuded areas for estab- lishment for weedy species (i.e. French broom) that colonize disturbed areas. Graded areas may require erosion control measures, depending on the site's sub- strate, topography, etc. U v a s C r e e k P a r k P r e s e r v e Bfack,Locust (_Ikp6inia pseudoacacia) Construction Phase Management. Since black locust readily stump sprouts, a combination of mechanical and chemical control has proved effective. Cutting or burning alone has been found to increase sucker and sprout productivity. Research continues on the best method of eradicating this species. A method advo- cated by the California Department of Parks and Recre- ation is as follows: trees are cut in late summer to enhance uptake of herbicide as plants store nutrients in roots. Trees are cut to ground level. Then the herbicide triclopyr (100% concentration) is applied within five minutes of cutting before a callous forms. There has been some success in mechanical removal of black locust, using brush cutters followed by bulldoz- ing of stumps. Stumps were bull dozed into piles and then burned. Any stumps that were not removed were sprayed with glyphosate. Long -term Management. Any remaining stumps that have been treated with herbicide should be periodi- cally inspected for signs of resprouting, since "killed" plants can resprout several years after treatment. There should be continuous surveillance and removal of black locust seedlings and plants. r. 1� li k1 l� r Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus sp.) Construction Phase Management. The initial treat- ment involves a combination of mechanical and chemi- cal methods. Late spring is considered the best time to attempt control. Woody sprouts and trees should be cut close to the soil surface. The sawdust should be cleaned off of the cut stumps before applying herbi- cide. Either Roundup or Rodeo herbicides at full strength should be immediately applied to the cut stumps. The herbicide may be sprayed, wiped, or painted on the cut surfaces. An approved dye or colorant may be mixed with the herbicide solution as a means of identifying the treated stumps. Felled trees should be removed from the site. If small eucalyptus plants are detected, they may be manually removed with a Weed Wrench. Due to the high fuel load of eucalyptus, removal through prescribed burning is dangerous and not recom- mended. Long -term Management. Some resprouting from treated stumps may occur. According to Monsanto (1991), the resprouts may be controlled using the fol- lowing herbicide treatment. When the resprouts are 6- 12 feet tall, a 2% solution of Roundup or a 1.5% solution of Rodeo plus 0.5% V/V of nonionic surfactant herbi- cide should be applied. The herbicide should be ap- plied when the plants are actively growing and should cover the entire plant. Giant *ed (Arundo dona.X) Construction Phase Management. Giant reed may be cut back by tractor mounted mowers on level ground. Since giant reed is a perennial, several cuttings are required. If only a single cutting can be made, the best time is when the plants begin to flower. Another mechanical method is to use a back hoe to clear and grub the unwanted plants. It is important that up- rooted rhizomes (underground stems) are either re- moved or exposed to the sun. Giant reed may also be controlled chemically with Rodeo herbicide. Rodeo herbicide is registered for use in aquatic environments by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. It is a non - selective, broad spec- trum herbicide; therefore care should be taken to avoid spraying adjacent non - target plants. According to Monsanto (1991), Rodeo should be applied to actively growing clumps either as a cut stump treatment or as a foliar spray. The plants should be treated from late spring through late summer. For foliar treatments, a 1.5% solution of Rodeo plus 0.5% V/V of a non -ionic surfactant should be sprayed. For best results, all of the foliage should be sprayed. For cut stump treatments, the canes should be cut as close to the ground as possible. Rodeo at full strength is then sprayed or painted onto the freshly cut surfaces. Stumps should be treated immediately after cutting. It is recom- mended that an approved dye or colorant be added to the herbicide solution to identify treated plants. Long -term Management. Although the bulk of un- wanted plants would be mechanically and /or chemi- cally removed during the construction phase, there would most likely still be pieces of rhizome left in the soil that can vegetatively reproduce. For these smaller resprouts, the preferred method of control is treatment with Rodeo herbicide. The plants should be cut to near ground level and the freshly cut canes daubed with a 50% solution of glyphosate. Best results are obtained when the plants are actively growing in the summer. U v a s C r e e k P a r k P r e s e r v e 57 1 9 9 z Tampas Grass (Cortaderia jud ata) Construction Phase Management. Well- established plants should be removed first because they have the highest reproductive potential due to their prolific seed heads. Also the larger plants are more difficult to remove. Large clumps are difficult to dig out; there- fore, mechanical removal may be necessary with a bulldozer. If adequate manpower is available and the plants are not too large, pampas grass can be manually removed with a pick and shovel. It is important that all of the crown be removed so that crown sprouting is prevented. It is not necessary to remove all of the lateral roots. As an interim measure before plant removal, the plumes should be cut off to avoid seed dispersal. Well- established plants can also be removed chemi- cally. The herbicide Roundup (glyphosate) has proved successful for large plants and seedlings. Roundup should be applied early in the morning, according to the manufacturer's instructions. Roundup is a broad spectrum herbicide; therefore, care should be taken to avoid adjacent non - target plants. Long -term Management. According to Cowan (1976), there should be "continuous surveillance to spot young pampas grass plants while they are small and easy to dig or pull out". They should be manually removed when detected before they have a chance to get estab- lished. Manual removal is practical for small plants or small numbers of plants. Regardless of the size of the plant removed, the plant remains should be cleared from the area, since pampas grass can send roots back into the ground and continue to grow. Star 7histfe (Centaurea solstitials) Construction Phase Management. In large infested areas, the initial removal of star thistle may be accom- plished by grading practices. The plants are prolific seed producers and can set more than 10,000 seeds which may be viable in the soil for several years. It is important that plants are removed before they set seed. In small infested areas, the plants may be hand hoed. If hoeing is not feasible (i.e. roadways), herbicides may be applied. The state parks have used picloran and 2, 4-D followed by dense plantings of native grasses. Prescribed burns have also proved effective. Infested areas are burned in spring for a minimum of three successive years. Long -term Management. Since seeds can remain vi- able in the soil, there should be continued surveillance for new plants. It is important that seed production is prevented. Follow -up removal is essential. U v a s C r e e k P a r k P r e s e r v e Tree-of-Heaven (Ai[anthus aftissima) Construction Phase Management. During the con- struction phase, it is recommended that mechanized equipment such as a tractor- mounted mower be used to remove above ground vegetation. This is best done when the trees are not producing seed. The slash produced should be disposed of properly to avoid vegetative reproduction. If no seeds are present, the vegetation may be piled and left for the enhancement of wildlife habitat. The slash piles can also be disposed of by burning. Tree -of- Heaven can also be chemically controlled. The best chemical method of control is still being researched, however the following treatments have been found useful. Herbicides can be applied in either broadcast or spot applications. If broadcast applications are used, the plants should only be sprayed when in full leaf. A mixture of 2- chloroethyl phosphoric acid and potas- sium iodide has caused defoliation within three weeks. Spot chemical methods apply herbicides to individual plants or small groups of plants. These methods in- clude stem injection and cut stump treatment (The Nature Conservancy, 1986). With stem injection, a water soluble herbicide is injected into wounds or cuts in the stems or trunks of the plants to be killed. The herbicide must penetrate the cambium to be effective. In the cut stump treatment, "herbicides are directly applied to the cambial area around the edges of freshly cut stumps. Application must occur within 5 -20 min- utes of cutting to ensure effectiveness ". removed, there should be continued manual removal of young plants and seedlings. The best control is to pull seedlings by hand before the tap root develops. Manual methods are highly selective and result in less damage to adjacent non - target plant species. The Bradley Method of manual control has proved effective for this species (The Nature Conservancy, 1986). This method consists of hand weeding in areas with the lowest infestation and working towards areas having the worst weed infestation. For more details on the Bradley method, see the accompanying article by Fuller and Barb (1985). Long -term Management. Once the trees have been U v a s C r e e k P a r k P r e s e r v e 59 9 9 s c 1: D l' b �r y 11, �P �r lD L r y